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    养殖菊黄东方鲀与双斑东方鲀中河豚毒素的分布特征及食用安全性

    Food safety assessment and distribution of tetrodotoxin in cultured Takifugu flavidus and Takifugu bimaculatus

      摘要
    • 摘要:
      背景 河豚毒素（Tetrodotoxin，TTX）是制约河鲀产业发展的关键风险因子。菊黄东方鲀（Takifugu flavidus）与双斑东方鲀（T. bimaculatus）为福建省主要养殖河鲀种类，但其体内TTX的本底数据仍相对缺乏。
      目的 系统分析两种养殖河鲀体内TTX的组织分布和季节变化规律，并评估其食用安全风险。
      方法 于2019年—2024年间，在福建省主要养殖区采集菊黄东方鲀154批次和双斑东方鲀234批次，采用高效液相色谱−串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）测定其皮肤、肌肉、肝脏和性腺中的TTX含量。
      结果 所有样本的TTX含量均低于国家限量标准（2 200 μg/kg）。两种养殖河鲀个体TTX检出率均处于较低水平，菊黄东方鲀为1.95%（3/154），双斑东方鲀为2.56%（6/234），种间无显著差异（P>0.05）。组织分布分析显示，非性腺组织（皮肤、肌肉、肝脏）的TTX检出率均低于3%，平均含量均低于定量限（3 μg/kg）；性腺是TTX主要蓄积部位，其中菊黄东方鲀性腺的检出率（47.2%）显著高于双斑东方鲀（17.6%）（P<0.05），但两者性腺中TTX的平均含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。季节性分析表明，非性腺组织TTX检出率与平均含量均无显著季节变化（P>0.05），而性腺中TTX检出率与平均含量均在夏季达到峰值。食用安全风险评估显示，两种河鲀各组织的风险熵值（RQ）与暴露风险指数（ERI）均小于1（RQ范围：0.000 68~0.250 91；ERI范围：0.000 34~0.122 67），其中非性腺组织的评估值远低于1，表明其急性暴露风险可忽略。
      结论 福建省养殖菊黄东方鲀与双斑东方鲀的总体风险可控，非性腺组织食用安全性高。本研究为两种养殖河鲀的安全生产与消费提供了科学依据。

       

      Abstract:
      Background Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a critical risk factor impeding the development of the pufferfish industry. Takifugu flavidus and Takifugu bimaculatus are the primary cultured pufferfish species in Fujian Province. However, comprehensive baseline data on TTX levels in these species remain scarce.
      Objective This study aimed to systematically analyze the tissue distribution and seasonal variation of TTX in these two cultured pufferfish species and to assess the associated food safety risks.
      Methods Between 2019 and 2024, a total of 154 batches of T. flavidus and 234 batches of T. bimaculatus were collected from major aquaculture areas in Fujian Province. TTX concentrations in the skin, muscle, liver, and gonads were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
      Results TTX levels in all samples were below the national regulatory limit of 2 200 μg/kg. The overall detection rates of TTX based on edible tissues were low, with no significant difference observed between T. flavidus (1.95%, 3/154) and T. bimaculatus (2.56%, 6/234) (P>0.05). Analysis of tissue distribution revealed that the TTX detection rates in non-gonadal tissues (skin, muscle, liver) were below 3%, with average concentrations generally lower than the limit of quantification (3 μg/kg). The gonads were the main accumulation site for TTX. The detection rate in gonads was significantly higher in T. flavidus (47.2%) than in T. bimaculatus (17.6%) (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the average TTX concentration within the gonads between the two species (P>0.05). Seasonal analysis indicated no significant variation in TTX detection rate or average concentration in non-gonadal tissues across seasons (P>0.05). In contrast, both detection rate and average concentration in gonads peaked during summer. Dietary risk assessment indicated that the risk quotient (RQ) and exposure risk index (ERI) for all tissues of both species were below 1,with RQ ranging from 0.000 68 to 0.250 91 and ERI from 0.000 34 to 0.122 67. The assessment values for non-gonadal tissues were far below 1, indicating negligible acute exposure risk from their consumption.
      Conclusion The overall TTX risk associated with cultured T. flavidus and T. bimaculatus from Fujian Province is controllable. In particular, non-gonadal tissues demonstrate a high level of edible safety. This study provides a scientific foundation for the safe production and consumption of these two cultured pufferfish species.

       

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